A letter from an exchange student in Australia Essay Example for Free

A letter from an exchange student in Australia EssayIve been in Australia for close to 2 months now and Im salvage speechless. Its such a beautiful country The land, the people, the climate, eitherthing is amazing Ive gotten to reckon the roughly remarkable/wonderful things, things I never could bring on imagined. As you know I went hither as an exchange student and Im existing with a wonderful host family in Brisbane. They strike been very welcoming and loving, the student exchange agency made such a good match. Brisbane is situated in the east of Australia, in the state c everyed Queensland. Im attending the Brisbane State High School w here(predicate) Im taking all the authorisation classifyes like English, maths, science, social studies, art, health and physical education and so on.Ive gotten to continue my French education as surface, but all ace in that class is way give away than me Luckily they are all so nice and very patient with me, and that goes for all the classes I had a hard time agreement the Australian accent at first, but it gets easier and easier every mean solar day. My host family taught me some Aussie-slang to help me out a bit, like hoo roo which means goodbye, ripper means something like uncivilized or great, sheila is a girl and dunny is a toilet.A word thats very confusing is thongs. It does non mean what you infer it means Its some other word for flip-flops, which quite a little create quite an awkward situation. Fortunately I managed not to humiliate myself Anyway, like I said are there authorisation classes just like there is in Sweden. Australia has a national curriculum to make sure that they sustain the same educational standards in schools all over the country, which resembles our Skolverket. You asked a lot about the schools over here in your last letter, so Ive asked my new friends in my classes and found out some elementary info. Like, something thats similar to Swedish schools is that youre in k indergarten or pre-school when youre 3-5 years old.In Australia you go to Primary School between the ages 6 to 11, opposed Sweden where we go to Lgstadiet and Mellanstadiet when were 6 to 12. One year doesnt make that big of a difference, but Secondary School (High School) resembles twain Hgstadiet and Gymnasiet together. So from what I understand, you cant choose a specific program like in Sweden, but you can choose some classes you postulate to incur (other than the mandatory ones) in High School. When you graduate from Secondary School you can apply for a University, just like in Sweden. As you can tell there are a lot of similarities toAustralian and Swedish schools, but I found out that there are many differences as well.School uniforms for example, we dont concur any rules about dress code in Sweden, but over here its a get around of life, at least for the students who attend High School. Almost every school has a special uniform that every student has to wear, even I ha ve to wear one when I go to school. Even in gym class we wear matching ill-considereds and shirts. I think those outfits are better because theyre unisex, and the rest of the day the girls wear skirts while the boys wear pants. Im not very comfortable in skirts and dresses so I think that if you want to wear pants you should be able to Its kind of nice not having to choose an outfit every morning, you lonesome(prenominal) have one thing to wear and everybody else wears it too. Theres not any pressure about having the latest fashion or not changing it up every day.The only thing you have to worry about is bad hair-days I have to admit that I wish we had to wear these in Sweden as well Not only are they a gift from heaven for the morning-tired person, they make you feel a bit more fancy and formal too. Dont get me wrong, its not that comfortable being formal all the time and Id probably get sick of wearing it every day, but I like the idea a lot at the moment. I never think it would work, introducing this to Sweden though. Everyone would lose their right to express themselves through their clothes. If we would have to wear school uniforms, I strongly vote for pants for the girls Most students bring their own lunch to school. There is a cafeteria, but you have to right for everything there. That is something I miss about Sweden, even though its not great food all of the time its still actually convenient.Im having a hard time remembering to bring my lunch every day That makes me really angry with myself because both of my host parents make really good food, especially sandwiches. I promise you, theyre amazing Public schools here are free and run by the government of state or territory theyre in, just like in Sweden. Parents are asked pay a voluntary contribution fee and they can also contribute to camping trips and extracurricular activities, but its all voluntary. Something that also differs from Sweden is the fact that they have 4 semesters. The school yea r starts in early February and ends in December.They have short holidays between every semester and their summer holiday is in December and January, during Christmas I know its really strange, but thats when the Australian summer is I had no idea that the seasons were sooff over here, but I think its really amazing how the world works. Apparently all countries mho of the equator have their summer during our winter, and their winter during our summer A few weeks ago I got to be a part of the Australians celebration of ANZAC Day. ANZAC stands for the Australian and New Zealand regular army Corps.This day is special to Australians because of what happened on this date 1915. The First World War had just started and Australia wanted to create a reputation for themselves to the rest of the world, since theyd only been a nation for 13 years. They joined forces with New Zealand and set out to relegate control over the Dardanelles (a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey) so that their alli es could travel through. When ANZAC landed on Gallipoli in Turkey they were met by Turkish defending forces. A lot of Australian soldiers lost their lives and today the Australians take this day to remember not only them and their bravery, but every soldier who has died in any war or military operation Australias been a part of.Each year the remembrance begins with memorial services in big cities all over the country, theyre known as the Dawn serve. Later in the day there are parades where ex-militaries march along. Aussies also celebrate this day off from work and school with drinking and games They also have the Australia Day, their National Day. Im not going to be here for that because its celebrated on January 26th, but I really wish I were They celebrate everything thats good about the country and being Australian, it sounds like a lot of fun My host family tells me that you can see the Australian signal hanging from windows of cars and houses and that the whole neighborhood smells like barbeque.There are usually fireworks and music as well Its more upbeat than the ANZAC Day. We dont have anything like this in Sweden, which I think is a bit sad. What I mean is, we dont really have a day where we remember something or celebrate just being Swedish. I feel like we dont have that kind of applaud for our country that the Australians do. At least I know I dont. I only enjoy our National Day because I dont have to go to school. I honestly dont even know why we celebrate it, and if I asked my friends Im sure they would say the same thing. It would be nice to feel that unity and pride that the Australians have.Weve been in wars, Im not sure how many or what kind, but we dont take pride in them. We dont have any war heroes we remember. During World War 1, Sweden was neutral. We didnt officially pick a side we dideverything we could to not get attacked by anyone. We let Germany use our railways to transport iron-stone, which kept us from getting involved in the war (even though that made us a part of Germanys success). I think were right not to take any pride in that Something that also would be fun to experience here Down Under is Christmas. Since their summer is during December the climate is at its warmest during Christmas. My friends told me that even though its sunny and warm everyone still decorates with snowmen and Christmas lights Most families have a Christmas tree too.Here in Brisbane they apparently have a competition every year for who has the best Christmas lights. I would love to see all of the extremely decorated houses We should do something like that at home, we should engage more In some ways our counties spend Christmas alike, but some prospects are still very different. In Sweden, we open presents, eat delicious food and get a visit from Santa Claus on Christmas Eve. In Australia they only make the last preparations on Christmas Eve, because its all about Christmas Day. Children hope to find presents in stockings or und er the tree when they wake up, families go to see their relatives and everyone (most people anyway) spend the flush with their loved ones.Some families eat dinner thats similar to Europes Christmas food, but most Australians barbeque or have a centering on the beach or in the park. On the beach you can see surfing Santa Clauses too. It sounds really laid back and comfortable, so I would love to be able to experience it (even though its no real Christmas without snow). Its hard to think of Swedish traditions when you dont usually acknowledge them, but most traditions come with the holidays. Almost all of our holidays have religious significance, like Easter and Christmas for example, but these holidays are not really about what they originally mark in history (if youre Christian). Easter is more about dressing up as a witch and knocking on doors collecting candy, than remembering Jesuss crucifixion. Christmas is all about Donald Duck and opening presents, we dont celebrate Jesus be ing born.This is the case in Australia too, except for the witches and Donald Duck. In Australia they celebrate Easter by organizing Easter egg hunts (mostly for the purpose of making the children happy), and youve probably heard of the Easter Bunny? Well, over here theyve exchanged it for an Easter Bibly. A bibly is a small rodent, whos an endangered species and theyre hoping this kind of advertisement is going to help saveit.Besides, rabbits are considered pests in Australia as they destroy crops and other things. As you can tell there are a lot of both similarities and differences between Sweden and Australia, but they are both great counties Unfortunately I only have a month left of my studies, but I am thinking about living here for a year or so when I graduate. I have fallen in love with this land Enough about me, how have you been? Is everything as usual back home? Hope to see you soon,Love EmelieSources of informationAussie slanghttp//stricktlydating.hubpages.com/hub/Common- Aussie-Slang-Words 2013-04-14 http//www.koalanet.com.au/australian-slang.html 2013-04-14About schoolhttp//www.workingin-australia.com/education/system/overview.UWr117XIagc 2013-04-14 http//www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/en/Courses/Schools/Australian-School-System/Australian-school-system 2013-04-14 http//www.studiesinaustralia.com/types-of-education/secondary-education 2013-04-16 https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_uniformAustralia 2013-04-16 http//brisbaneshs.eq.edu.au/sites/default/files/bshs/PolicyDocuments/PandC/CanteenMenu.pdf 2013-04-17 http//www.fairhillshs.vic.edu.au/app/webroot/uploaded_files/media/uniform_information_2013.pdf 2013-04-17 http//australianschool1.hubpages.com/hub/Australian-School-Uniform2013-04-16 http//answers.yahoo.com/ brain/index?qid=20090821161522AAUv95m 2013-04-16 http//australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-weather-and-the-seasons2013-04-16 Traditionshttp//www.awm.gov.au/commemoration/anzac/anzac_tradition.asp 2013-04-21 http//www.realau straliatravel.com/australian-traditions.html 2013-04-21 http//www.realaustraliatravel.com/Christmas-in-Australia.html 2013-04-21 http//www.realaustraliatravel.com/christmas-lights-brisbane.html 2013-04-22 http//www.timeanddate.com/holidays/australia/christmas-day 2013-04-22

Jails and Prisons Essay Example for Free

Jails and Prisons EssayJails and prisons are corrective institutions which are meant to curb criminal activities in the society. They are also meant to punish the offenders. Prisons execute imprisonment which involves legal penalties. Jails and prisons should fundamentally be aimed at punishing and rehabilitating the offender so as he/she will not repeat the crime which he/she was convicted of. The federal spending on correctional activities has also been gradually increasing.In the recent past federal government has been enhancing its efforts to improve jails and prisons conditions as a sign of recognizing some human rights empower to criminals. Nowadays, those serving imprisonment sentences can access various facilities. These include religious services, education facilities, and recreational facilities in the exercise yard. The prisoners health is also well interpreted care of. Prisoners are also trained and imparted with some skills which may be helpful in their future life .In our contemporary prisons, prisoners are provided with entertainment facilities such as pool tables and TV. (Cavadino Dignan 2006) USA jails and prisons are both meant to rehabilitate and punish the offenders. Rehabilitation is an effective method of ensuring no re-offence so as to reduce the egress of prisoners population. This program seeks to address the casual links to offending, and employ cognitive behavioral approach towards modifying the prisoners behaviors.Counselors are used to ensure success of such programs. Those involved in use of prohibited substances and a number of civil crimes are usually rehabilitated. On the other hand, some criminal activities necessitate punishments such as fines, strokes and with child(p) punishment. Capital punishment is applied to serious criminal activities such as terrorism, espionage, treason or mass destruction. (McGuire 2002 Cavadino Dignan 2006)

Decision Model Theory Essay Example for Free

finish Model Theory EssayCaseHere we use the Thompson Lumber Company case as an example to represent these decision surmisal steps. can buoy Thompson is the founder and president of Thompson Lumber Company, a profitable firm located in Portland, Oregon.Step 1The problem that John Thompson identifies is whether to expand his product line by manufacturing and marketing a new product, backyard storage sheds.Step 2* The hour step is to list the alternative. * Thompsons second step is to generate alternatives that are available to him . In decision theory the alternative is a course of action or strategy that the decision shaping machine can need .According to him his alternatives are to construct 1 a large new plant to manufacture the storage sheds 2 a small plant, or3 no plant at all* So, the decision producers should submit to make all practicable alternatives ,on some occasion even the least classic alternative might turn out to be the outdo choice.Step 3* Third step is to identify possible matters. * The criteria for action are schematic at this time. According to Thompson there are two possible outcomes the market for the storage sheds could be favorable inwardness there is a high pick up of the product or it could be unfavorable means that there is low demand of the product. * Optimistic decision makers tend to ignore bad outcomes where as discouraged managers may discount a favorable outcome. If you dont consider all possibilities, it will be difficult to make a logical decision, and the leave alone may be undesirable. * There may be some outcomes over which the decision maker has little or no control is cognize as states of nature.Step 4* Fourth step is to list payoffs. * This step is to list payoff resulting from each possible combination of alternatives and outcomes. Because in this case he wants to maximise his profits, he use profits to evaluate each consequences .Not every(prenominal) decision, of course, can be based on money a lone any appropriate means of measuring benefit is acceptable. In decision theory we call such payoff or profits conditional note values.Step 5 6* The digest two steps are to select and apply the decision theory model. * Apply it to the data to help make the decision. Selecting the model depends on the environment in which you are operating and the amount of risk and uncertainty involved. * Decision Table with condition values for ThompsonTYPES OF DECISION MAKING ENVIRONMENTS* The types of decisions people make depends on how a great deal knowledge or information they have about the situation. There are three kind of decision making environments* Decision making under certainty.* Decision making under risk.* Decision making under uncertainty.Decision Making Under Certainty* Here the decision makers know about the certainty of consequences every alternative or decision choice has. * Naturally they will choose the alternative that will result in the best outcome. * Example Lets s ay that you have $10000 to invest for a period of one year. And you have two alternatives either to open a savings account gainful 6% interest and another is investing in Govt. Treasury Bond paying 10% interest. If both the investments are secure and guaranteed, the best alternative is to choose the second investment option to gain maximum profit.Decision Making Under Risk* Here the decision Maker knows about the some(prenominal) possible outcomes for each alternative and the probability of occurrence of each outcome. * Example The probability of being dealt a club is 0.25. The probability of rolling a 5 on die is 1/6. * In the decision making under risk, the decision maker usually attempts to maximize his or her expected well being. Decision theory models for business problems in this in this environment typically employ two equivalent criteria maximization of expected monetary value and minimization of expected loss. * evaluate monetary value is the weight value of possible pa yoffs for each alternativeDecision Making under Uncertainty* Here there are several outcomes for each alternative, and the decision maker does not know the probabilities occurrences of various outcomes. * Example The probability that a Democrat/Republican will be the President of a country 25 Years from now is not known. * The criteria that is covered in this section as follows1 Maximax this criterion find the alternative that maximizes the maximum payoffs or consequence for every alternative. Here we first locate the maximum payoff with every alternative and then pick that alternative with the maximum number. This is also known as optimistic decision criterion.* Maximin this criterion finds the alternative that maximizes the minimum payoff or consequence for every alternative. Here we first locate the minimum outcome within every alternative and then pick that alternative with maximum number. This is called as pessimistic decision criterion. * Criterion of Realism Also called as weighted average, is a compromise between an optimistic and a pessimistic decision. Let the coefficient of realism is a selected. The coefficient is between 0 and 1. When a is close to 1, the decision maker is optimistic about the future. When a is close 0 the decision maker is pessimistic. It helps the decision maker to build feelings about relative optimism and pessimism. * Weighted average =a (maximum in row) + (1-a)(minimum in row). * Equally likely (Laplace)-one criterion that uses all the payoffs for each alternative is the equally likely also called Laplace decision criterion. This is to find alternative with highest payoff. * Minimax ruefulness the final decision criterion that we discuss is based on opportunity loss or regret.Expected Value of Perfect Information* FormulaEVPI = A BA = expected value with perfect informationB = expected value without perfect informationCalculation of (A) valueA = the best of each outcome x their prob.The best of outcomesBest outcome= (10 0,000) (30,000)A= 0.6 x 100,000 + 0.4 x 30,000 = 72,000Calculation of (B) valueB = we select the max value of each given belowOutcome of each event0.6(50000) + 0.4 (30,000)= 42,0000.6(100,000 -0.4(40,000)= 44,0000.6(30,000) + 0.4(10,000)= 20,000The max value for all computed value = 44,000EVPI = A B= 72,000 44,000= 28,000Expected Opportunity differenceThe expected opportunity loss is the expected value of the regret for each decision (Minimax)EOL (Apartment) = $50,000(.6) + 0(.4) = 30,000EOL (Office) = $0(.6) + 70,000(.4) = 28,000EOL (Warehouse) = $70,000(.6) + 20,000(.4) = 50,000Marginal Analysis* Most of our decisions are made following our fringy analysis of costs and benefits * To achieve a given outcome we often have to make a choice from among alternative means we normally try to make the least costly choice among the available means * Sometimes our decisions result in benefits as well as costs * How much nutrition should you buy?* How many years of schooling should you h ave?* How many hours should you work?* How many workers should you hire?* How much should save/invest?

Business overview of Regent Seven Seas Cruises

Business overview of powerful 7 Seas travels powerful seven-spot Seas canvass is an plaque engaged in the journey activities that was established in 1994, based in Genova, Italy. Currently, the classr operates three small size cruise ships including one excursion vessel, namely (1) the M/V Seven Seas Voyager, the (2) M/V Seven Seas Mariner, (3) the M/V Seven Seas Navigator and the (4) the Seven Seas Defender (expedition vessel). regent(postnominal) Seven Seas journeys wear recently inform the admittance of one more small size cruise ship which is scheduled to join the fleet in mid 2012. The cruise line instrument is competing in the upscale, luxurious segment of the cruise industry and is shoting cruises to more than 400 destinations near the world (RSSC.com, 2010). Regent Seven Seas Cruises vessels carry among d and 700 leaf nodes (depending on the vessels size) and all guests ar accommodated in luxurious exterior suites with balconies. By offering an all inclus ive interpret and maintaining the crew to guest ratio between 1 to 1 or 1,3 (Cruise Luxury.com, 2010), the company has been nominated with numerous multinational awards by prestigious organizations and magazines such as the Conte Nast Traveler and the American Association of hospitality Sciences, with the most recent awards that came in for 2010, (1) The International Star Award, (2) The Worlds go around Small Ship Cruise Line Award, (3)The Best Cruise Line Award, (4) The Favorite Cruise Company Award, (5) The Best Luxury Cruise Line Award, (6) The Best premium Cruise Line Award, (7) The Six Stars Plus Award, (8) The Star luxury Cruise Award, (9) The Best Luxury Cruise Operator Award, (10) The Best Small Specialty/Cruise Company Award and (11) The Africas Leading Cruise Line Award (RSSC, 2010). The Author done this selling plan conducts a situational analysis of Regent Seven Seas Cruises and moreover analyzes the facings merchandise Strategies, Financials and Controls that result consequently be the Key Success Factors for establishing the facing as the dominant cruise line in the upscale market of the cruise industry.Situational abridgmentIn this Chapter the Author go out conduct a situational analysis of Regent Seven Seas Cruises and more particularly testament analyze (1) the market demographics, (2) the market wishs, (3) the market trends and (4) the market growth.Market SummaryTarger MarketsThe markets that Regent Seven Seas Cruises is physical objecting ar the followersLuxurious Cruising SegmentPremium Cruising SegmentLuxurious Expedition Cruising SegmentMarket DemographicsGeographicsRegent Seven Seas Cruises has no pre portion geographic target area. The line drive strategically deploys its vessels around the world and thereby is offering its customers some(prenominal) embarkation options between international ports of calls. That creationness said, the corporation is suitable to cater international customers across the globe.Luxu rious vessels total passenger capacity is accounted for 22,355 berths, which is approximately the 5% of the world wide total cruise ship capacity. Luxurious cruise line operators during 2010 carried a 5,2% of the total passenger capacity that is approximately 1 million people. This number subsequently represents the population that Regent Seven Seas Cruises is targeting (Cruise Market Watch, 2010). It is interesting to watch that Regent Seven Seas Cruises with a total births count of 2028, carried approximately 90,000 guests onboard their six cruise ships during 2010. In other words this is a 9% market serving of the luxurious cruise segment.DemographicsRegent Seven Seas Cruises guests are equally distributed between males and females.The average age of Regent Seven Seas Cruises guests is 55+ however this percentage drops to 40 during Caribbean European seasons (RSSC, 2010).The average annual income of Regent Seven Seas Cruises guests is 389,000USD and net worth 4,9USD million (RSSC, 2010).An average of 58% of Regent Seven Seas Cruises guests come from North America, a 29% from the European Union, a 4% from South America, a 2% from South East Asia and the remaining 7% from Other areas (RSSC, 2010).40% of brand bracing to Regent Seven Seas Cruises guests nonplus neer cruised before and have stated that would definitely repeat a Regent Seven Seas Cruise (RSSC, 2010).Behavior FactorsRegent Seven Seas Cruises guests are typically well traveled, highly educated and elegant. They are looking for luxury, attention to detail, pampering comfort. They account quality and value over terms and they are mostly interesting in enjoying the onboard cruise experience part developing refreshful friendships.Market Neexplosive detection systemRegent Seven Seas Cruises is providing an all inclusive experience onboard luxurious cruise vessels and seeks to fulfill the quest essential points that are critical for the customers satisfactionHigh quality cuisine Regent Seve n Seas Cruises is famed for the reach quality cuisine onboard their vessels. Regent Seven Seas Cruises incessantly develops its high quality cuisine by contracting well known internationally recognized master chefs who are committed to prepare the finest dishes afloat. The top notch cuisine that Regent Seven Seas Cruises sustains has proven to be a crucial factor for the liners get throughment and enables the liner in achieving total guest satisfaction.Strategically deployed itineraries Regent Seven Seas Cruises is considered an innovator in masterminding itineraries as well as introducing new destinations that have never been visited by other cruise vessels. That is a major reason that guests are sailing onboard Regent Seven Seas Cruises vessels.High quality of service Another reward that the organization is sustaining is a wide pool of experienced and well trained service crew members. Those employees are eager to provide their guests unmatched service and have greatly cont ributed in the organizations total success. A major reason that customers remain loyal to the brand is the excellent and yet intimate services that are being provided while onboard Regent Seven Seas Cruises vessels.Market TrendsThe intense competition in the cruise industry is merely initiated due to the constantly changing trends. Every year innovating returns appear in the market place, which are setting new barriers and thus making the completion fiercer. agree to Andrew Adam Newman (2010) a new trend in the cruise industry, based on extensive research, is that nowa mean solar days guests are willing to travel alone as they are more eager to develop new friendships with their fellow cruisers. This new revolutionary trend will ultimately reorganize the cruise market, as organizations up to now were marketing their products based on the tralatitious travelling settings such as couples, families or groups. Another trend, according to S. Soriani, S. Bertazzon, F. Di Cesare and G. Rech (cc9) is that cruising in the Mediterranean market has been gaining popularity the past few years and is on-line(prenominal)ly ranking as the second largest destination in the world, following the Caribbean Isles. Regent Seven Seas Cruises will distinguish itself by emphasizing in the neexplosive detection system of the single guests who are willing to travel alone and will tailor packages with reduced prices. more thanover the liner will introduce onboard entertainment programs that will aim to bring all hit together with an eye towards assisting the single guests in developing new friendships. At this point Regent Seven Seas Cruises will be unable to deploy supernumerary vessels in the blooming Mediterranean Sea market, as the liner has released its 2011 2012 voyage itineraries and several guests have pre-booked their cruises.Market GrowthThe cruise industry is a constantly growing industry and cruise experts have reported that during 2010 the industry will hit a top record in terms of passengers carried onboard cruise ships. Considering the adversarial time period that has devastated the global economy, the cruise industry keeps growing with a rate of about 7% every year. That is merely an outcome of the high value of cruising, as it has been turn up by several scientific researches. The Cruise Line International Association (2010) recently stated that Unlike many other industries, cruising, with an impressive history of recession-resistance, had several advantages. These include vessel mobility and redeployment, ability to quickly adapt to change, effective expense management and, above all, a product with the highest perceived value for bills spent. According to a research conducted by the Cruise Market Watch (2010) the luxurious segment of the cruise industry, which is the segment that Regent Seven Seas Cruises competes in, is expected to encounter a 30% increase in passenger capacity from 2008 to 2011. This major finding clearly indicate s the change magnitude demand for passengers to travel on luxurious cruises.SWOT AnalysisIn the following section, the Author will illustrate the key strengths and weaknesses within Regent Seven Seas Cruises and will further analyse the opportunities and threats associated with the liner.CompetitionThe contenders of the luxurious cruise segment are Silversea Cruises, Crystal Cruise Line, Cunard Cruise Line, Seaborne Cruise Line, Windstar Cruise Line, Seadream Yachts Line and Paul Gauguin Cruises. The two main competitors of Regent Seven Seas Cruises are (a) the Silversea Cruise Line (b) the Seaborne Cruise Line which was recently acquired by Carnival Corporation PLC. Both competitors offer very similar products and aim into providing weapons-grade customer service. Both liners have followed cutting costs strategies which is a customer related disadvantage. The mentioned strategies that the Regent Seven Seas Cruises competitors chose to follow have resulted in a slim turnover of their loyal guests. Regent Seven Seas Cruises, with the proposed marketing plan, will aim and acquire those dissatisfied guests, while ensuring that costs are maintained in sequester levels and the guest satisfaction remains unaltered.Product OfferingAccording to an article n.d. (2010) Successful products are the key to market leadership and top-line fiscal growth. Unite your try around product and process innovation. Unleash the hidden power within your product lifecycle by transforming your process of innovation. Regent Seven Seas Cruises has been always regarded as a product innovator in the cruise industry and it is proud to state that every single voyage marketed is a unique masterpiece (RSSC, 2010). Enhanced by partnerships with other luxurious brands the product has gained popularity over the years. Regent Seven Seas Cruises currently offers two products, that is (a) Luxurious Cruises and (b) Luxurious Expedition Cruises. Both products share attributes, such as an all incl usive experience, 21 days menu circle, high standards amenities, exterior suites with balconies and the highest ratio space to guest than any other cruise line including mega ships (World purposelessct Cruise Club, n.d). Furthermore, the expedition brand extension of Regent Seven Seas Cruises, is a strong product for the category and is dominating that segment. Regent Seven Seas Cruises, with an eye towards increasing bookings and thus revenues profits, will further amend its products by introducing the followingOnboard credit of 1000USD for each suite Non refundable, only for onboard spending.Reduced fares for air travel arrangements.Complimentary excursions while the vessels are in port (3 to 5 tours)Future cruises booked onboard will be reduced (by 30% to 70%). This will be examined in a case by case basis.Butler services for all guests as opposed to the current setting that only the owners Royal suites guests receive the mentioned service.Custom do voyages. Even though the liner has pre-set voyages, it will allow the guests to custom make their own cruise by choosing their embarkation port and their disembarkation port without being necessarily the ones advertised. That being said, guest will be able to embark ex. in the second day of the cruise and disembark ex. in the 5 day of the following(a) cruise.The liner will introduce the above product enhancements considering the adversarial period that the cruise industry is currently encountering. Undoubtedly, the liner aims to provide the highest product value for money to its succeeding(a) guests, while reflecting flexibility and maintaining movement and quality.Keys to SuccessRegent Seven Seas Cruises keys to success areInnovationAttention to detailCustom made voyagesDoing the extra mileThriving for product improvementPay attention to what the customer saysHuman capital commitment to the brandPersonalized intimate service styleCritical IssuesRegent Seven Seas Cruises while aiming to increase bookin gs is conscious regarding keeping the product quality as original as possible, in accordance with the liners philosophy and core values. Unequivocally, a judgmental issue, as the liner sustains the biggest loyal customer base of the segment. Moreover, as revealed by extensive research, there is physical evidence that the customer demand for the product has been increasing thus Regent Seven Seas Cruises is aiming to increase its births count with an eye towards sustaining the almost 10% market share. The liner faces liquidity issues hence this is a major factor that should be attended as it will affect the liners future plans in raising capital for future projects. This can set the liner unable to anticipate with the future trends of the booming segment. The liner has maintained a respected indite towards its money lending institutions. Going forward with the future projects, the liner will need the support of such institutions. Nevertheless, due to the current economic situation and considering the liners liquidity issues, the liner might be forced to offer shares of the future projects to its lenders.Marketing StrategyAccording to Varadarajan, Rajan (2010) At the broadest level, marketing strategy can be defined as an organizations integrated pattern of decisions that specify its crucial choices concerning products, markets, marketing activities and marketing resources in the creation, communication and/or delivery of products that offer value to customers in exchanges with the organization and thereby enables the organization to achieve specific objectives. That said, in this chapter the Author will describe Regent Seven Seas Cruises Marketing Strategy by further analyzing the organizations (1) Mission, (2) Marketing Objectives, (3) Financial Objectives, (4) Target Markets, (5) Positioning, (6) Strategies, (7) Marketing Mix and Marketing Research.MissionRegent Seven Seas Cruises mission is to provide an unforgettable, experience to its guests while ensuri ng that sustains its leadership position the luxurious cruise segment. Furthermore the liner aims through its top quality product to attract more customers while ensuring that the loyal ones will return. The liner is committed To Elegance, Luxury and Gracious Hospitality (RSSC, 2010) and thrives to achieve perfection by being faultless.Marketing ObjectivesRegent Seven Seas Cruises marketing objectives are the followingIncrease bookings by 15% during 2011Maintain and expand the companys award winning profileDecrease advertising costs by 7%Financial ObjectivesRegent Seven Seas Cruises financial objectives are the followingSolving its liquidity issues by following clear cut/ cost efficient strategiesIncrease profits by 7% during 2011Raise capital to finance a new imageing in 2012Increase in onboard revenue through cross-department advertisingTarget MarketsAs discussed in chapter 1 the markets that Regent Seven Seas cruises is targeting are the followingLuxurious Cruise Industry Segmen tPremium Cruise Industry SegmentLuxurious Expedition Cruise Industry SegmentEven though Regent Seven Seas Cruises is competing in the luxurious segments of the industry will be making efforts to attract premium cruise line guests. With the proposed product amendments as explained above the product, even though luxurious will be affordable and more appealing to guests who are not willing to spend enormous amounts of money. While considering the all-inclusive experience that the liner offers, the suggested free shore excursions, shipboard credits, custom made voyages, butler services for all and the air-sea travel packages the liner will be able to attract guest from both luxurious premium cruise industry segments.PositioningRegent Seven Seas Cruises will position its redefined product between two categories, that is the Luxurious Premium cruise segments. Arguably, the product offered to the premium segment will be considered as expensive in comparison to the segments standards, nev ertheless Regent Seven Seas Cruises marketing causa will aim to illustrate the major renovations that the product encountered, thus gained value and could be now seen as an affordable luxury.StrategiesThe liner will position its products in the upscale market segments by seeking cost efficient strategies. This can be achieved by minimizing operating costs. The liner will strategically deploy its vessels around the world and will plan itineraries that are fuel efficient. Furthermore with unionized contracts and by outsourcing its human resources department the liner will aim to contract low-priced services employees from South East Asian countries who are famous for their superior abilities in service and eagerness to please the guests. Additionally, the liner will maintain its impost of contracting European Officers who will carry the message of the liners European heritage and elegance. The outcome of the cost efficient strategy is projected to save over 10 million USD within th e next six quarters. The liner will invest in its website by introducing a more user-friendly environment. Guests will be able to receive information about Regent Seven Seas Cruises travels and will be able to take a virtual tour of the various suite categories. The liner will further offer an online booking option where guests will be able to pre arrange their dining venues, their spa appointments and pre book their shore excursions. Lastly, the liner will market its newly shaped product through online, magazine and television advertisements by illustrating the advantages of a small luxurious cruise vessel. The liner recently contract the famous Italian ex. actress/ model Isabella Rossellini. The model will serve as Regent Seven Seas Cruises ambassador and will be featuring in the new 200 page brochure (atlas) named Regent Seven Seas Cruises Infinite Possibilities. This will be done in an attempt to emphasize in the elegance and sophistication of Regent Seven Seas Cruises by exposi ng the same physical characteristics that derive from the actress/ model. The brochure will be distributed to Regent Seven seas Cruises sailing partners agencies as well as to guests who have sailed with Regent Seven Seas Cruises in the past. The advertizing campaign the restructuring of the website are expected to cost 6 million USD.Marketing MixAccording to Walter van Waterschoot Christophe vanguard den Bulte (1992)Of the many marketing mix schemata proposed, only McCarthys has survived and it has become the dominant design or received view. His 4P formula discerned four classes Product, Price, Place, and publicity, Promotion itself being give away into advertising, personal selling, publicity (in the sense of free advertising), and sales promotion. The Regent Seven seas Cruises marketing mix is reflecting the following flakes according to the 4ps of marketing mixPrice Pricing, in the cruise industry is competition based. Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler (2006) state that the appro ach is focusing in the prices that other firms are charging in the same market. Thus does not always necessitate that companies will be charging identical rates for their products or services. The competitors prices are used as a base and the company in order to price the products accordingly. The approach bares several challenges including the difficulty of small organization to make high margins. Nevertheless, Regent Seven Seas Cruises will be following the competition based pricing for the next 2 years, when the economy is expected to start its recovery. The main objective of the liner is to keep the vessels running in full capacity, thus making onboard revenues while covering operating costs.Product The term product refers to the services provided by Regent Seven Seas Cruises. The services provided with the redefined product that Regent Seven Seas Cruises will market will reflect an innovating package, with many free amenities including 1000USD shipboard credit, several free s hore excursions, discounts for future cruises and reduced air fares.Place Regent Seven Seas Cruises is workings towards re engineering its distribution channels. Currently, several contracts with travel agencies are being reviewed by aiming to support the redefined product. Regent Seven Seas Cruises aims to achieve excellence in the pre-cruise as well as past-cruise experience. Cruise experts state that the pre and past cruise experience is essential in achieving the total guest satisfaction. Thus travel agents tomboy a catalytic role in it. Contracting reliable agents thus strengthening the distribution channels, the product will establish its position in the desired markets.Promotion Regent Seven Seas Cruises will use several methods for successfully advertizing the product. Sales promotions, public relations and publicity will play a decisive role. Moreover, Regent Seven Seas Cruises will continue to pursuit excellence and thus keep receiving international awards which is the ultimate publicity that a liner can build on its marketing efforts.Marketing ResearchAn advantage of the cruise business which has assisted the industry to remain healthy during turbulent periods such as the current economic situation is the services of CLIA (the cruise line international association) and is its commitment to en veritable healthy competition. The association undertakes several researches/ surveys and publishes the invaluable findings to its members. Moreover the association exists to get on a safer industry and a healthy cruise vessel environment, while providing teaching for its travel agency members, and advertising the enhanced value, quality and unique experience of the cruise vacations. That being said, Regent Seven Seas Cruises as an active member of the association enjoys the luxury of this free marketing research. Nevertheless, the liner is an advocate of constant favourable for product improvement thus conducts its own research through surveying its cust omer base. The extensive valuable feedback that is given on a cruise by cruise basis, has enabled the liner to come up with the innovations that were discussed in the Product Offering point 1.4.FinancialsIn this chapter the Author will describe the Financials of Regent Seven Seas Cruises. More specifically the Author will discuss the organizations Break Even analysis, Sales Forecast and Expenses Forecast and indicate how those activities reflect on Regent Seven Seas Cruises marketing plan.Break Even analysisThe liner currently aims to 58% capacity in order to break even with the current services offered. In other words that is 1176 guests who are booked for an average price of 1000USD PPD (per person daily). In order to conduct a break even analysis for the redefined product we need to consider the additional costs that are associated with the project. The variable costs, are expected to encounter a substantial increase with the addition of the shipboard credits, partnerships with a irlines/travel agencies as well as the free tours that will be offered. That being said after the introduction of the product the liner should be aiming to a higher number of bookings. The precise number will be determined following the analysis. The total cost of the shipboard credits is expected to range between 22m and 25m USD on a yearly basis and the cost of the free tours is expected to range between 10.5m to 12m on a yearly basis. Additionally, the essential contracts with airlines and travel agencies which are going to play a crucial role in the pre / post cruise experience are budgeted for 5m USD per year. The organizations current operating costs are 429m USD and will reach 471m USD with the addition of the extra costs. That being said the liner should aim to increase its daily pax count by 115 guests per day. This number represents an additional 5.6% to what the liner was prisonbreak even in the past. Nonetheless, the product is expected to gain an invaluable popularity. Sales ForecastThe organization feels that the newly defined product will play a catalytic role in resolving its liquidity issues thus sales will positively impact the organizations financial health. The organization will widen its horizons with its product by aiming to a broader audience hence bookings are expected to encounter a more than 20% increase.Expenses ForecastTable 4 summarizes the expenses forecast from 2008 to 2012. Undoubtedly, the organization in 2010 faced the most turbulent period of the past decade. The combination of financing the new project, the out of line expenses and the declining bookings forced the organization to report the great revenue dilution of its history. By focusing in cutting unnecessary costs the company aims to stop the cash haemorrhage. More over the new product will push the liner towards a fast financial recovery.ControlsIn this chapter the Author will discuss the controls of Regent Seven Seas Cruises. That will enable the organization to ach ieve the desired level of success of the new product. More specifically the Author will discuss the Implementation, the marketing organization and the contingency plan.ImplementationRegent Seven Seas Cruises aims to implement the product in 4 steps. The first step includes sharing in house information. Employees will go through onboard/shore side training programs with an eye towards grasping the new product concept. Step two will include the review of the newly made partnerships. The liner should be 100% sure that the travel agencies will be able to support the product. Step three is the advertising. A big task that will be undertaken by BBDO one of the exceed advertising agencies in the world. Once everything is set, step four is the official offering of the new product. Each of those 4 steps will be a milestone for the Liner. The full implementation is expected to be completed by the end of the 1st quarter of 2011. Freedman (2003) says that The genius is in the implementation t hus the liner will ensure that follows those steps accordingly with an eye towards a successful execution.Marketing OrganizationThe organization that will be responsible for undertaking the sound task of marketing will be BBDO. The mentioned organization has been a part in the success of Regent Seven Seas Cruises, as has been responsible for the liners past marketing campaigns.Contingency PlanRegent Seven Seas Cruises cannot afford not to succeed with the new product. Unfortunately, the high operating costs and other expenses have affected the financial health of the organization. Nevertheless, the liner is facing several other threads from the environment that operates. The recent mergers of its competitors are rather threatening and have made the competition in the luxurious segment very fierce. One of the greatest risks is visibleness. The liner operates a small number of sea going vessels thus is not as open in the market place as other liners are. That being said, the liner will invest on marketing campaigns which will enhance the organizations issue of visibility that faces. When worst comes to worst, the organization will be forced to liquidate the expedition part of its fleet. The mentioned brand extension, has enabled the liner to acquire new customers and is dominating the luxurious expedition segment of the industry. Nevertheless this brand extension has not been profitable as of yet. The last risk that should be taken at this time is to sustain extensions that are contributing in setting the organization financially weak.Regent Seven Seas Cruises (2010) Home online Available from http//www.rssc.com/default.aspx (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)Regent Seven Seas Cruises (2010) Destinations online Available from http//www.rssc.com/destinations/ (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)Regent Seven Seas Cruises (2010) word online Available from http//www.rssc.com/news/ (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)Cruise in Luxury (2010) Regent Seven Seas Cruises online Available from http//www.cruis einluxury.co.uk/regent-seven-seas-cruises/index.html (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)Cruise Industry Wire (2008) Articles online Available from http//www.cruiseindustrywire.com/article43245.html (Accessed 14 Dec 2010)Cruise Market Watch (2008) Luxurious Segment Growth online Available from http//www.cruisemarketwatch.com/blog1/articles/luxurious-growth-in-the-cruise-segment/ (Accessed 14 Dec 2010)Cruise Market Watch (2009) Regent Seven Seas Cruises online Available from http//www.cruisemarketwatch.com/blog1/ (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)http//ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=5sid=9eed1ade-9bcd-4d5c-bf5a-c992b40eefd7%40sessionmgr13Andrew Adam Newman (2010) The Power of One online Available from http//ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/detail?hid=3sid=6a4fd10c-22ba-469a-88a1-110da19c8b75%40sessionmgr14vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3ddb=buhAN=49489874(Accessed 17 Dec 2010)S. Soriani, S. Bertazzonz, F. Di Cesare and G. Rech (2009) Cruising in the Mediterranean online Available from http//ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=3sid=27133875-83d1-4d9f-ae0b-a666dd0ff37a%40sessionmgr14vid=1 (Accessed 17 Dec 2010)World Choice Cruise (2010) Cruise Lines Regent Seven Seas online Available from http//www.worldchoicecruise.co.uk/cruise-lines/regent-seven-seas-cruises/ (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)Regent Seven Seas Cruises (2010) All Inclusive time value online Available from http//www.rssc.com/regentexclusives/allinclusive.aspx (Accessed 03 Jan 2011)Siemens (2010) Automation online Available from http//www.plm.automation.siemens.com/en_us/Images/10737_tcm1023-3524.pdf (Accessed 19 Dec 2010)Varadarajan, Rajan (2010) Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science online Available fromhttp//ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/detail?hid=3sid=7b4fb127-16ad-4fb8-a8df-dbd3b791447b%40sessionmgr14vid=1bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3ddb=buhAN=48537001 (Accessed 19 Dec 2010)Walter van Waterschoot Chris tophe Van den Bulte (1992)The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited online Available from http//ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=4sid=167615d0-747a-44ff-8793-85f0cc132807%40sessionmgr10vid=1 (Accessed 20 Dec 2010)Bitner, M. J. Grembler, D. D. Zeithanl, V. A. (2006) operate Marketing I

Normal Approximation in R-code

conventionality Approximation in R-codeNormal nearness apply R-codeAbstractThe purpose of this research is to determine when it is more preferred to approximate a discrete distribution with a pattern distribution. Particularly, it is more commodious to replace the binominal distribution with the normal when certain conditions argon met. Remember, though, that the binominal distribution is discrete, while the normal distribution is free burning. The aim of this study is also to have an overview on how normal distribution push aside also be concern and applicable in the approximation of Poisson distribution. The common reason for these phenomenon depends on the notion of a sampling distribution. I also provide an overview on how Binomial probabilities can be comfortably calculated by employ a real straightforward formula to find the binomial coefficient. Unfortunately, due to the factorials in the formula, it can easily lead into computational difficulties with the binomial formula. The solution is that normal approximation allows us to bypass any of these problems.IntroductionThe shape of the binomial distribution changes considerably jibe to its parameters, n and p. If the parameter p, the probability of success (or a defective item or a failure) in a single experimental, is sufficiently small (or if q = 1 p is adequately small), the distribution is usually asymmetrical. Alternatively, if p is sufficiently conclude enough to 0.5 and n is sufficiently big, the binomial distribution can be approximated using the normal distribution. Under these conditions the binomial distribution is about symmetrical and inclines toward a bell shape. A binomial distribution with very small p (or p very close to 1) can be approximated by a normal distribution if n is very large. If n is large enough, sometimes both the normal approximation and the Poisson approximation are applicable. In that case, use of the normal approximation is generally preferable since it allows easy calculation of cumulative probabilities using tables or separate technology. When dealing with extremely large samples, it becomes very tedious to calculate certain probabilities. In such circumstances, using the normal distribution to approximate the exact probabilities of success is more applicable or otherwise it would have been achieved through laborious computations. For n sufficiently large (say n 20) and p not too close to zero or 1 (say 0.05 To find the binomial probabilities, this can be utilise as followsIf X binomial (n,p) where n 20 and 0.05 So is approximately N(0,1).R programming will be used for calculating probabilities associated with the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. Using R code, it will enable me to test the input and model the takings in terms of graph. The system requirement for R is to be provided an operating system platform to be able to perform any calculation.Firstly, we are dismission to proceed by considering the condi tions under which the discrete distribution inclines towards a normal distribution.Generating a set of the discrete distribution so that it inclines towards a bell shape. Or simply using R by just specifying the size needed.And lastly compare the generated distribution with the target normal distributionNormal approximation of binomial probabilitiesLet X BINOM(100, 0.4).Using R to compute Q = P(35 X 45) = P(35.5 X 45.5) diff(pbinom(c(45,35), 100, .4))1 -0.6894402Whether it is for theoretical or practical purposes, Using Central Limit Theorem is more convenient to approximate the binomial probabilities.When n is large and (np/q, nq/p) 3, where q = 1 pThe CLT states that, for situations where n is large,Y BINOM(n, p) is approximately NORM( = np, = np(1 p)1/2).Hence, using the first expression Q = P(35 X 45)The approximation results as followsl (1.0206) (1.0206) = 0.6926Correction for persistency adjustment will be used in order for a continuous distribution to approximate a discrete. draw back that a random multivariate can take all real values within a range or interval while a discrete random protean can take on only specified values. Thus, using the normal distribution to approximate the binomial, more precise approximations of the probabilities are obtained.After applying the continuity correction to Q = P(35.5 X 45.5), it results to(1.1227) (0.91856) = 0.6900We can verify the calculation using R, pnorm(c(1.1227))-pnorm(c(-0.91856))1 0.6900547Below an alternate R code is used to plot and lucubrate the normal approximation to binomial.Let X BINOM(100, l4) and P(35 45) pbinom(45, 100, .4) pbinom(35, 100, .4)1 0.6894402 Normal approximation pnorm(5/sqrt(24)) pnorm(-5/sqrt(24))1 0.6925658 Applying Continuity Correction pnorm(5.5/sqrt(24)) pnorm(-4.5/sqrt(24))1 0.6900506x1=3645x2= c(2535, 4655)x1x2= seq(25, 55, by=.01)plot(x1x2, dnorm(x1x2, 40, sqrt(24)), vitrine=l,xlab=x, ylab=Binomial Probability)lines(x2, dbinom(x2, 100, .4), type=h, c ol=2)lines(x1, dbinom(x1, 100, .4), type=h, lwd=2)Poisson approximation of binomial probabilitiesFor situations in which p is very small with large n, the Poisson distribution can be used as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The larger the n and the smaller the p, the better is the approximation. The following formula for the Poisson model is used to approximate the binomial probabilitiesA Poisson approximation can be used when n is large (n50) and p is small (pThen XPo(np) approximately.AN EXAMPLEThe probability of a person will develop an infection veritable(a) after taking a vaccine that was supposed to prevent the infection is 0.03. In a simple random sample of 200 people in a community who get vaccinated, what is the probability that hexad or fewer person will be infected?SolutionLet X be the random variable of the number of people being infected. X follows a binomial probability distribution with n=200 and p= 0.03. The probability of having six or less people ge tting infected isP (X 6 ) = The probability is 0.6063. Calculation can be verified using R as sum(dbinom(06, 200, 0.03))1 0.6063152Or otherwise, pbinom(6, 200, .03)1 0.6063152In order to avoid such tedious calculation by hand, Poisson distribution or a normal distribution can be used to approximate the binomial probability.Poisson approximation to the binomial distributionTo use Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial probabilities, we can consider that the random variable X follows a Poisson distribution with rate =np= (200) (0.03) = 6. Now, we can calculate the probability of having six or fewer infections asP (X 6) = The results turns out to be similar as the one that has been obtained using the binomial distribution.Calculation can be verified using R, ppois(6, lambda = 6)1 0.6063028It can be clearly seen that the Poisson approximation is very close to the exact probability.The same probability can be calculated using the normal approximation. Since binomial d istribution is for a discrete random variable and normal distribution for continuous, continuity correction is needed when using a normal distribution as an approximation to a discrete distribution.For large n with np5 and nq5, a binomial random variable X with XBin(n,p) can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean = np and variation = npq. i.e. XN(6,5.82).The probability that there will be six or fewer cases of these incidencesP (X6) = P (z )As it was mentioned earlier, correction for continuity adjustment is needed. So, the supra expression becomeP (X6) = P (z )= P (z )= P (z )Using R, the probability which is 0.5821 can be obtained pnorm(0.2072)1 0.5820732It can be noted that the approximation used is close to the exact probability 0.6063. However, the Poisson distribution gives better approximation. But for larger sample sizes, where n is closer to 300, the normal approximation is as good as the Poisson approximation.The normal approximation to the Poisson distrib utionThe normal distribution can also be used as an approximation to the Poisson distribution whenever the parameter is largeWhen is large (say 15), the normal distribution can be used as an approximation whereXN(, )Here also a continuity correction is needed, since a continuous distribution is used to approximate a discrete one.ExampleA hot disintegration gives numberings that follow a Poisson distribution with a mean count of 25 per second. Find probability that in a one-second interval the count is between 23 and 27 inclusive.SolutionLet X be the radioactive count in one-second interval, XPo(25)Using normal approximation, XN(25,25)P(23x27) =P(22.5=P ( )=P (-0.5 =0.383 (3 d.p)Using R pnorm(c(0.5))-pnorm(c(-0.5))1 0.3829249In this study it has been concluded that when using the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution, a more accurate approximations was obtained. Moreover, it turns out that as n gets larger, the Binomial distribution looks increasingly like the Normal distribution. The normal approximation to the binomial distribution is, in fact, a special case of a more general phenomenon. The importance of employing a correction for continuity adjustment has also been investigated. It has also been viewed that using R programming, more accurate outcome of the distribution are obtained. Furthermore a number of examples has also been canvas in order to have a better perspective on the normal approximation.Using normal distribution as an approximation can be useful, however if these conditions are not met then the approximation may not be that good in estimating the probabilities.

Principles of Democratic Education

Principles of Democratic developmentWhat ar the principles of egalitarian education? How ar these principles and values intension/contradiction with our kindly construction of children and youth? For example, whatassumptions do we make about teaching, learning and youth that parliamentary schools take exception? Howdoes one size fits all centralized curriculum bring in to what apple called the de-skilling ofteachers? What is lost when this commence is adapted, especially when it is combined with theintensification of teaching? Explore the contradictions between what we say we require our students tobe when they are finished their schooling (engaged, critical thinkers, active contributors and problemsolvers) and how we are often educating young people. How does democratic education address this?What are some of the challenges educators who want to introduce democratic principles into theirschools face? What are some of the potential rewards? How does democratic education a ddress the nonion that all education, even that which claims to be value-centered, is political? Explain the relationship that concepts like voice and agency have to democratic principles in Education.AnswerDemocratic Education each beings are created as individuals and have different habits and intelligence. Ayers (2009) says that every human being is capable of infinite and incalculable valve. All of us have an exclusive intellectual, emotional, physical, spiritual, moral and creative force. Each person is born free and is equal in dignity and right. Each endows with reason and conscience. each individual is bes a community and sense of brotherhood and sisterhood, recognition and respect. This core value must express itself explicitly and implicitly in education as in every other aspect of associative living.Amy Gutmann (1999) defines democratic educationas a worldwide movement towards greater decision-making power for students in the cut of their own schools. There is no gene rally agreed definition of the term, but at the IDEC International Democratic Education Conference (2010) in 2005 the participants agreed that, in any educational setting, young people have the rightto decide individually how, when, what, where and with whom they learnTo have an equal share in the decision-making in the tally of their school and determining the rules and sanctions, if any, are necessary.IDEC (2010) supports schools which uphold respect and trust for children. They believe in shared responsibility and freedom of choice of activity. IDEC is open to schools which comply equivalence of status of children and adult and democratic governance by children and staff together. They do not believe in any superior guide and agreement.Principles of Democratic EducationThere are two pillars of democratic educationSelf-determined learningA learning community based on equality and mutual respectApple (1995) discusses that democratic education means that children and teachers en gage in collaborative planning, reaching decisions that are in the interest of both their aspirations and desires. Those involved in democratic schools honor diversity. They consider themselves participants of communities of learning. Such communities include people representing a broad spectrum of age, culture, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic class and abilities. However, these differences do not create stereotype instead they enrich the community. nation means by definition means by the people, for the people. Therefore, it gives the community a shared purpose and allows people to set aside their self-interests and work for the greater dear. putting green goal is the central idea of democracy. Beane Apple (1995) explain that educators who are committed to democracy k at a time that any inequality at schools go away also be found in the community. Hence, they seek not lonesome(prenominal) seek democracy in institutes but also want to extent to the community. If the community does not follow democratic conviction then concentrating on democratic education is pointless, because the young people will be affected by their surroundings and the concept will fail. Democratic education seeks to lessen the harshness of social inequities in school and change the conditions which create them.Challenges by Democratic SchoolsDemocratic school challenge the preliminary of teaching that follows the belief that young people are to follow the lead of their teachers and not question their ability or knowledge. Democratic approach says that students and teachers should go hand-in-hand. They should enrol in not only teaching practice but also the curriculum. Democratic education challenges the conventional way of assembling the curriculum and focus on broadening the horizons. These schools need to be based on the broad definition of we, a commitment to build a community that is of the school and the community in which the school exists.One Size Fit AllToday all the focu s is on privatization, marketization and decentralization. So, for teachers, sledding beyond approved material risks administrative consents. Jungck (2000) explains in her article that there is an immense pressure in not only to redefine the methods of teaching but also the purpose of education. if the schools, their teachers and curriculum are well knitted, more technology oriented, according to the needs of business and industry, then it is expected that the problems of hitment and unemployment will be disappear along with the international economic competitiveness.In closely of elementary and high schools, the curriculum is planned by the national or invoke department of education. It took teachers a lot of time and effort to slander the total administrative control over the curriculum. Apple (1995) says, that after all, it is the teachers who teach in the class room and thus they should have a say in the matter. In most Western industrialized nations, the phenomenon of de- skilling of teachers is become common. It means that when individuals are unable to control a large portion of their job, they forget the essential skills need to perform the job.Teachers have been alienated from the tasks of setting curricular goals, designing lessons and individualized attention to students according to ability and need. Now, instead of teachers who care about what and why they teach, executioners of psyche elses plan are created. The effect of this practice is very hostile for the profession of teaching itself.Quality is sacrificed on quantity as a result of de-skilling of teachers. They now want to cut corner and rely on the experts for their job. Jungck (2000) tells the concept of intensification she says that collective skills of teachers are list as they concentrate on management skills. Ayers (2009) enforce the splendour of education. He says that all children and youth in a democracy deserve full access to richly resourced classrooms led by caring, thoug htfully qualified, and generously salaried teachers. Whereas democratic education I affecting the professional teachers and turning them into managers. Intensification results in lack of enthusiasm and simplistic response to innovation.Educating Young PeopleEvery student brings their experiences and skills to school. They represent their community (Ayers, 1994). In another article Ayers (2009) states that, students should be able to make up their own judgment based on evidence, ask primordial questions and pursue answers wherever they take them. Democratic education is about opening doors of opportunity and opening minds as students make their own pathways into the world.Beane Apple (1995) explain by research that young people are more interested to learn by experience. They do not like to study from tapes because they already know most of the stuff. Teachers also dont interact during this type of sessions and the outcome is not as desired. So, democratic educationChallenges, Rew ards Political BeliefAyers (1992) tell that in order to introduce democratic education, people have taken very important steps. Young people have been given space and considered while making policies. A great challenge however was inadequately trained staff. Apple (1995) says that a very challenging task was to broaden the horizon of education from the conventional curriculum. Also, in order to achieve democratic education, the community and school needed to be connected. However, the outcomes of democratic education are vast. The students are grown to be with high thinking ability and contribute to their society. Although no matter what the core value, it is always of political benefit.Ayers conclude that (2009) educators, students, and citizens should press for an education worthy of a democracy, including an end to sorting people into winners and losers through pricey standardized tests that act as pseudo-scientific forms of surveillance. There should be an end to starving schoo ls of needed resources and then blaming teachers and their unions for dismal outcomes. Militarization of schools, zero tolerance policies, gender individualism discrimination and end to limited resources callable to communities historically isolated, underfunded, and underserved.Question No. 2Outline the tenets of liberalism in relation to education. What are the organizing value sets andkey assumptions to this political theory? How are they aligned with or in conflict with the goals of some of theother models we have looked at in education (for example, Deweys notion of child-centerededucation) where is power and authority situated in a neoliberalist model? List a few of the key ideasof neoconservatives in relation to education. Can a person be both a neoconservative and a neoliberal atthe same time? How does the film postponement for Superman frame particular neoliberalist ideas abouteducation? What systemic structures are not being challenged by putting the excite for lagg ing education on teachers unions, according to Swalwell and Apple? Who benefits by this, and who loses?Discuss the ways in which engage schools and voucher systems can impact students, teachers andschools. Why do you think neoliberalism has become the dominant discourse of education, despite thefact that Finland seems to go against most of the tenets of neoliberalist education and even scores so wellon the PISA tests? Is it the inevitable way that the world is moving and education needs to adapt, or arethere other models that should be considered for teaching and learning?AnswerNeoliberalismWendy Brown (2003) states that neoliberalism equated with a radically free market maximized competition and free trade achieved through economic de-regulation, elimination of tariffs, and a range of monetary and social policies favourable to business and indifferent toward poverty, social deracination, cultural decimation, long term resource depletion and environmental destruction.So neoliberal ism can be summed up in four major types of human beings policyFree trade,DeregulationFiscal austerityPrivatizationJohn Deweys Theory of EducationWarde (1960) explains this theory unite principles of democracy and education will create an American society depicting creative and well-adjusted youth. The three steps areFree availability of kindergarten to collegeChildren would anticipate on the educational process, aided and guided by the teacherThey would be trained to behave cooperatively, sharing with and caring for one another image.Warde (1960) stated that by following this theory the opposition between the old education and the new conditions of life would be overcome. The progressive influences radiating from the schools would stimulate and fortify the building of a democratic order of free and equal citizens.Since the 1980s the impact of neoliberal and neoconservative ideas on education in the UK and USA has been dramatic. In the UK, protagonists argued that education had b een going in the wrong direction and attacked ideological attack resulting in quality of primary education in England. From the 1950s to the early 1980s those teachers were respected due to their professionalism and because they engaged in a variety of national curriculum projects. During this period schools had both greater autonomy and greater local anesthetic support than thereafter (Hicks, 2004).Hicks (2004) state that money spent on education is seen as a waste of time unless it helps the country compete efficiently and effectively in the international market. The metaphors apply to education became those of the market place parents as consumers, business as the model for education, internal and external competition in schools to bring out what is the best in both pupils and schools.NeoconservativeNeoconservative is a conservative who advocates the assertive promotion of democracy and United States national interest in international affairs including through military means. Ne oconservatives are not really conservative and neoliberals are not really liberal. So a person can be both at the same time. Neoconservative policies with respect to education will include common curriculum, accountability of teachers, responsibility of teachers for education and central control over education (Apple Swalwell, 2011).Waiting for SupermanAccording to Apple Swalwell (2011),Waiting for Superman explores the tragic way of failure of American education system. It is incorporated by neoliberal idea, shows that America had the best public education system dominating internationally. Regardless of systemic and structural social inequities that powerfully shape the lives of the children and their caregivers, the film portrays them all as equally tragic. These are children who want desperately to succeed but who are likely to be crushed by bureaucracies, bad teachers, and unions unless strikes with dynamic leaders can save them.Apple Swalwell (2011) blame the teachers Unio n for lagging education because they themselves are unionized and bad teachers are protected by them at the expense of students. By blaming these unions, oppression of children, racial and social issues are not addressed. It also fails to address the impact of No Child Left Behind and other policies that cut off school funding. This also does not discuss curriculum change towards test preparation, mechanized teaching, and further marginalized children who are predicted to drag down test scoresAs the documentary points out only one in five charter schools perform better than regular school, the ultimate solution for the students, teachers and parents. Rather, the solution is not to put all children in charter schools, but rather to make all schools more like the charters. That would entail discipline, high expectations for all students, longer school days, and more flexibility to hire (and reward) good teachers and get rid of bad ones.ConclusionFinlands teachers are also fully unioni zed, teaching there is in a homogeneous and wealthy nation. Their educational system has access to social support system. There are many factors that are to be considered in adapting educational models. The web woven between charter schools, neoliberal venture capitalists, and neoconservative think tanks forms powerful, interconnected force intending to influence votes on policies supporting charter schools and even running candidates.These promoters include most prominent educational leaders and policy makers. Research needs to be done in order to expose this political effect and attempt to protect public institutions.Our schools, teachers and students deserve better. Therefore they need to work together along with the help of state to run a progressing educational system. Competition is the basis of advancement. Therefore, the educational methods have to be competitive with global market. Finland succeeds due to the huge safety net for citizens, whereas everywhere else cutting ed ges are common. Segregation, property-tax based funding formulas, centralized textbook production, lack of local autonomy and shared governance, de-professionalization, inadequate special education supports, differential discipline patterns, and other such matters need to be addressed in order to improve educational system. However, the need to adapt according to the changing technology and laws is necessary.

Investigation: How does the concentration of acid affect the rate of reaction? :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigation How does the concentration of acid affect the set up of reaction?The aim of this investigation is to test how concentration affects therate of reaction.My prediction for my investigation is that the higher theconcentration, the faster the reaction will be.My reason behind my prediction is The higher the concentration, the more particles there are whichwill collide with enough verve to overcome activation energy, whichis explained as the impact theory.Collision theory explains how chemical reactions occur and why ratesof reaction differ. For a reaction to occur, particles must collide.If the hit precedents a chemical change it is referred to as afruitful collision. For a reaction to occur, the reactant particlesmust collide. Only a certain fraction of the total collisions ca habitchemical change these are called successful collisions. Thesuccessful collisions have activation energy at the moment of impactto break existing bonds and form untried bonds, resulting in the productsof the reaction. Increasing the concentration of the reactants andraising the temperature bring about more collisions and therefore moresuccessful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction.When a catalyst undergoes collision with the reactant molecules, lessenergy is required for the chemical change to take place, and hencemore collisions have sufficient energy for reaction to occur,therefore the reaction rate increases.The four factors that influence the rate of reaction and therefore the try are1. The temperature. This is because if the concentration is warmer, then the reaction rate may increase or shine depending on temperature.2. The Catalyst. This is because if the catalyst is of a larger volume or size than the concentration then it may have an affect on the concentration and experiment that will differentiate results.3. The concentration. This is a variable that will be used because we are trying to find if the concentration will affect the rate of reaction.4. The get hold area. This is because if the grow areas of the calcium carbonate pieces are different then it will affect the results also because it will give off more gas, the greater the surface area.To achieve the most accurate of results possible I will use allsufficient equipment and data.For my prediction, that the higher the concentration, the faster thereaction rate, I will use pre-test results to help with my evaluationbefore I start my investigation.Before I started my investigation, I did a pre-test experiment thathelped me to reach my prediction.